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I work at the laboratory for atmospheric

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and space physics I am in a part of the

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atmospheric and oceanic to Sciences

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Department at this university and have

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the privilege of opening up this talk on

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how astrobiology pertains to exoplanets

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and so what I've been doing for my

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project for the past several months and

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what I hope to continue to do is to take

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a look at the fairly common types of

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planets that we observe in the galaxy or

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that we think we observe and to assess

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how they might be habitable and under

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what conditions that might be true so

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I've been doing is I've been assessing

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the habitability of tidally locked

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earth-like exoplanets around m-type

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stars and as those are a lot of words

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I'm going to explain it more in depth

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what those mean and why we're interested

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in them so first you might ask what is a

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tidally locked planet I'm still glad you

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did as explained by this excellent

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diagram right here at ideologue planet

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is a planet that always has the same

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side facing its star so a great example

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of this is Earth's moon we always see

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the same side of the moon and it was

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until we sent astronauts up that we got

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a look at the dark side of the moon and

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why are we interested in this type of

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planet we're just in this type of planet

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because according to certain surveys

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some more some less title of planets may

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make up for about half of the planets we

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observe out there so some of those

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planets perhaps half those plants maybe

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more maybe less might not actually be

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rotating and a lot of studies have been

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done concerning how habitability

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pertains to earth-like planets rotate so

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we're going to expand our knowledge of

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what type of plans might be habitable we

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need to take a look at these planets

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secondly an M star so for the non

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astronomers in the room an M star is a

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main sequence star that's the most

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common star in our galaxy it's slightly

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cooler than our Sun and because the fact

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that is highly abundant we need to know

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how this sort of start its radiation the

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planets that orbit it might affect the

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habitability of these planets so taken

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together at ideologues planet and M

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stars these types of planets are fairly

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common relative to others at least in

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terrestrial type planets in our galaxy

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and those are ideal candidates for

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studying habitability simply because

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they're fairly common and because a lot

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of studies pertaining give evidence that

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they might be common in general

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and earth-like so I'm sure many people

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in this room would agree that there are

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many ways a planet might become

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habitable and that is very interesting

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for our purposes however we're trying to

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determine how a planet might stay

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habitable in the long term so we're not

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going to theorize necessarily how a

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planet might become habitable but

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whether that have ability is maintained

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so we did for a product is we simply

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took earth as it is stuck at around an M

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star made it tidally locked and ran it

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and see what happens and when I say

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earth-like I simply mean the planet has

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Earth's atmosphere its mass its

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composition which include ocean and

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continental configuration and the solar

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constant the top of the atmosphere so

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the ax radiance receives its healthy

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atmosphere all right so how are we doing

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this to do this we've been using a very

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effective and very powerful GCM which

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stands for general circulation model

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called the community Earth's systems

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model which was developed here in

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boulder at the National Center for

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Atmospheric Research and car and what

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this model does it's it's a 3d model

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which couples the various processes you

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might find on a planet's surface so for

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instance it takes the atmospheric

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processes the oceanic processes the land

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sea ice land ice processes it analyzes

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their demand dynamics individually the

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radio transfer processes individually it

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couples them message them together and

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then after running the simulation for a

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certain amount of time you get a

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snapshot of what the plan is going to be

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like in a couple of years or several

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decades depending on the scale and for

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our specific purposes we're also looking

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at a very powerful component of this GCM

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which is the whole atmosphere community

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climate model abbreviated wacom and with

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this model does is it extends the

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atmosphere all the way up past 150

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kilometers and allows for complex

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interactions between the different

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layers of the atmosphere so it allows

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for communication for example between

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the mesosphere and the stratosphere it

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analyzes the chemical constituents of

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the app of the different amounts of the

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atmosphere the rating of transfer

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processes and we're very interested in

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that because we're looking into things

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like how the planet might be properly

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shielded from UV radiation how the

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planet might out what those chemicals

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might do to influence a plant's

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radiation budget so we want to know the

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very intricate and specific components

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of the different spheres and how that

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will contribute to planetary

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habitability and it's been very

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successful the only problem however is

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this is specifically geared to earth so

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it's a hell of a pain to adjust it for a

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different type of planet nevertheless

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this has been our plan thus far we have

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these GCS we have these powerful GCM CSM

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welcome and we start off with our basic

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simulation of a rotating earth around a

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around our Sun step one of the plan has

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been to make earth tidally locked so

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this simply involves just altering the

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code such that Earth's day is equal to

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Earth's here so we have the same side of

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the earth facing the Sun run that ensure

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it remains habitable and if that is

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successful we move on to step two which

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is to adjust the radiation spectrum

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received at the top of the atmosphere

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for an M star we move it closer to the

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planets such that it has the same solar

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constant at the for this particular

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planet and we ensure that its tidally

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locked and run it and see if it works

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and just to give you an idea of what

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changing the radiation special involved

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the more complicated stuff is I'm sure

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many of you are familiar with the plank

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function here you can see the solar

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spectrum of the earth that according to

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different wavelengths if we fit of plank

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function to the Sun that coincides

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exactly with those observations but with

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an M star we're looking at peak

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wavelengths at different we're peak

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radiances at different wavelengths and

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so that's a bit more on a complicated

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process alright so due to the

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complicated nature of this project we've

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only been able to do step one and I

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assure you we have very close to doing

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step two but not today so we've been

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able to do step one which is we've

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stimulated 80 years of a current earth

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so earth as it is and we've also

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simulated 80 years worth of a tidally

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locked earth and the planets very

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fortunately are in equilibrium where

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your chance for equilibrium and we're

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comparing them to make sure that current

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or that's habitable by God we hope

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that's true and that title locked earth

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will remain habitable to look for this

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what we're looking for specifically it's

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were looking for adequate ozone

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shielding so adequate shielding and

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harmful UV radiation that might destroy

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life before it can get off habitable

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temperatures such that you know the

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planet is comfortable to surface that

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life can exist and along with that is

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presence of liquid water so we have

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results

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our first result ozone distribution so

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what you're looking at here on the left

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is current earth ozone distribution

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you're seeing a longitudinally averaged

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column ozone as a function of pressure

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ie altitude and latitude on the planet

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and on the right you're seeing the same

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thing for a tell you logged earth except

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I will point out that for current earth

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this is snapshot as the same regardless

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of which lon longitude specifically

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you're looking at how to lock earth

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however it's very different from the day

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and night side we're very interested in

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the Sun and the day side however because

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that's the portion that needs to be

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shielded from the Sun so when ruling at

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ozone concentration and on earth most of

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our ozone is concentrate in the

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stratosphere and that can reach up to 10

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parts per million so fortunately we were

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able to simulate this for current earth

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we have up to 10 parts per million in

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the stratosphere and it looks like those

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concentrations are there that's what we

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observe normally with actual with actual

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missions up to this types of

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stratosphere and fortunately using the

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same scale we see we have the same ozone

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concentration on art ideologue planet so

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it's very reasonable to conclude that

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this planet is adequately shielded from

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UV radiation brilliant ok and also going

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along with that is in addition to ozone

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an extra protection from the Sun might

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be cloud cover so what you've seen here

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is you're seeing a map of the earth

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centered around the Prime Meridian in

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the Pacific Ocean and that's fairly

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typical cloud cover for Earth on tightly

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locked earth however all the clouds are

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concentrated over the subcellar region

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so right over where the Sun is so it's

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kind of cloudy where it is but

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nevertheless this is added protection

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against advert action against any

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additional radiation our second results

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temperature so again what you're seeing

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is you're seeing a slice of the

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atmosphere from monsey student

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marginally averaged slices across the

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across the planet and fortunately the

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two planets seem to have very similar

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temperatures structures of the

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atmosphere key importance is the

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temperature on the surface of the earth

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so we're looking at comfortable

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temperatures above freezing above 273

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Kelvin but not you know 500 fortunately

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on the surface of our current earth

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that's what we observe especially around

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the equatorial regions and on our

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dialogues planet again that's what we

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observe so it's excellent so we get to

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see that much how I left Earth is in

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fact comfortable

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above the substellar region at least

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this is not true for the entire planet

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what you're seeing here for current

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earth is that you know the temperature

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across the equatorial regions all the

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way up to all the way up to the sub

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polar regions is fairly comfortable a

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jolly old time in any of the continents

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but on the target locked planet this

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comfortable temperature is only true

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over the subsolar region so the entire

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planet the entire planet is not

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necessarily habitable some of the

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contents might be covered in glaciers

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but at least it is habitable for

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specific regions which is so important

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so the planet in general is still

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habitable regarding temperature and

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finally liquid water content as I said a

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lot of the planet might be covered in

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glaciers I will a bit for current rate

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simulations it's a little bit colder

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earth might be going in a bit of an ice

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age right now but earth is still

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habitable we have liquid water present

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especially about the equatorial regions

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and a tidy locks planet it's right above

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the subcellar region and this is a map

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concerning ice cover as well so it's the

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plan it's not dry it is in fact where

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there's not liquid water here it's

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covered by ice so liquid water is still

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there at what water so there's just not

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a ser liquid throughout the entire

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planet alright so I'm not very short

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presentation what we've been able to

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conclude is that we have verified step

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one that earth that's how do a locked is

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not necessarily perfect but it does

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remain habitable on this because it does

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have that adequate UV shielding from

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ozone concentration that i mentioned

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habitable temperatures on its surface

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and it does have liquid water so I'm no

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biologist but I will say that those are

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pretty pretty good components for having

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life on the surface of the planet the

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next step will be to put it around an M

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star and see where that takes us so I

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did it end early so I can take a couple

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of questions thank you very much

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Oh God okay uh Jay uh yeah great talk um

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you pointed out uh rather you were

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tidally locked over an ocean do you get

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any changes if you tidally lock over one

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of the continents that is that is a

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brilliant question and I would love to

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give you an answer we just haven't done

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it with the subsolar region over the

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continents yet so it's it's on the way

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but I wish I'd give you a better answer

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okay I haven't been to the side of the

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room yet sorry hi so my question is is

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this is the Earth's atmosphere as it is

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now so the Earth's atmosphere has not

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been the same over its lifetime so that

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does this can it with this code can you

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change the composition of the Earth's

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atmosphere and see if you had if you

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cranked up the carbon what you would

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look like and then track that through

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time we certainly can there are many

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different components to this model CSM

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has has various compiler called comcept

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component sets spanning pre-industrial

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revolution atmospheres modern-day

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atmospheres we just chose our current

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atmosphere because we had no reason not

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to it's if the atmosphere does evolve

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that's absolutely true it just so

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happened to start with this is a great

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talk could you mind please going back to

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your temperature at that one let's order

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this one act one more please heckle that

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one okay there you go all right so it

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looks like you're under estimating the

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fraction of ocean liquid can you tell me

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a little bit more about this is you sort

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went through this quickly yes I did so

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what you're seeing here is you're seeing

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a map of Earth centered around the Prime

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Meridian so around the Pacific Ocean the

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red is well fraction out of one of the

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surface covered by ocean and the blue is

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not but as I demonstrate it from this

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other for the subsequent plot is that

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it's not necessarily dry it's just

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covered by a glacier the model treats

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glacier and land to be the same okay so

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you say glacier with it so that's pack

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ice effectively is that how you would

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interpret that for modern is that

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basically am I looking at pack ice and

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read for the modern ocean okay so your

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model actually effectively way

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underestimates the the heat capacity of

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the ocean or how the ocean atmosphere is

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reacting right so yes this is this is

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obviously not Turner no I understand but

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I'm so I'm wondering sort of that

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underestimation then gets transferred

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over to your scenario for the tightly

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locked earth in addition do you take

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into account heat transport latent heat

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transport by clouds um the model should

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I will say however that a possibility

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one of the possibilities as to why this

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is true is it treats the ocean as a slab

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it does not treat it does not treat deep

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ocean dynamics and that would be a very

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helpful step is just more

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computationally expensive so since we

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did not put ocean the ocean as we and

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this land and sea ice cover as we expect

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hi um so when something becomes tidally

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locked do you consider what happens to

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the magnetic field that it's generating

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and if so do you account for like the

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increased amount of flux that it's going

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to receive from the star from the wind

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we did not take that into consideration

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I have no idea how am I going to feel

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will be affected we have time for one

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more quick so back to the idea and

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dwarfs um they're more active than

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solar-type stars so with those title ox

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planets in the place where the house you

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radiation might make a difference yes so

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they will be closer to their host star

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to consider if we're going to keep these

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rating to the top of the atmosphere

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00:14:59,660 --> 00:14:57,390
constant and yes they are more active

400
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there are a couple of papers out there

401
00:15:04,190 --> 00:15:02,490
that have analyzed solar flares and

402
00:15:10,010 --> 00:15:04,200
their effects and habitability the

403
00:15:12,920 --> 00:15:10,020
latest one I read by I think involved

404
00:15:15,740 --> 00:15:12,930
Orion Abbott he he and his group did

405
00:15:19,310 --> 00:15:15,750
show that it was not as catastrophic as

406
00:15:21,920 --> 00:15:19,320
a so affair from our Sun might be but

407
00:15:24,050 --> 00:15:21,930
that was specifically pertaining to UV

408
00:15:26,810 --> 00:15:24,060
shielding so they looked at how it

409
00:15:28,910 --> 00:15:26,820
affect ozone cover and it only reduced

410
00:15:31,670 --> 00:15:28,920
it i think by 2 percent i was wondering

411
00:15:32,930 --> 00:15:31,680
for tailgate lock planets in my you

412
00:15:35,420 --> 00:15:32,940
might be able to push the habitable zone

413
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further out there for the irradiation

414
00:15:41,180 --> 00:15:37,620
might not be as important this just a

415
00:15:44,300 --> 00:15:41,190
lot oh I would have to investigate